Aluminium

Thorium

Aluminium vs Thorium

Aluminium

Thorium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

130

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74299057440326

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.

Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.

It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

2.2 Sources

By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Hans Christian Oersted

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1825

In 1829

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

5 * 10^-3 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.006 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.91 %0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

8.10 %0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.39 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

27.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

660.37 °C1,750.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,467.00 °C4,790.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery Gray

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

2.753.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

160.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

160.00 MPa295.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

5,000.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

71.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

1128

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.611.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.71NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.471.11

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.83NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.61NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.392.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,816.70 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,744.80 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

11,577.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

14,842.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

18,379.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

23,326.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

27,465.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

31,853.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

38,473.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

42,647.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.34 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.28 eV3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

1390

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ne] 3s² 3p¹

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

1390

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

14142

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

1390

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

143.00 pm179.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

121.00 pm206.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

184.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

26.98 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

10.00 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

80.70 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

404.95 pm508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

2.70 g/cm³11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

2.38 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

40.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

26.00 GPa31.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

76.00 GPa54.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

70.00 GPa79.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.350.27

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

2.7211.70

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

0.00 H/mNA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

0.00NA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Superconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

28.20 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.38 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

42.50 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.90 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

24.20 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

237.00 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

23.10 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

293.70 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

10.67 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

322.20 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

28.30 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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