Aluminium

Thorium

Aluminium vs Thorium

Aluminium

Thorium

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Periodic Table

Symbol

Group Number

130

0 17

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Period Number

2 7

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Block

p block

f block

Element Family

Post-Transition

Actinide

CAS Number

74299057440326

7429905 54386242

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Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

P63/mmc

Space Group Number

225.00194.00

11 276

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Facts

Interesting Facts

Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.

Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.

It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

Sources

By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining

Found in Minerals, Mining

History

Who Discovered

Hans Christian Oersted

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Discovery

In 1825

In 1829

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.01 %0.00 %

0 0.11

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Abundance In Sun

0.01 %0.00 %

0 0.1

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Abundance In Meteorites

0.91 %0.05 %

0 22

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Abundance In Earth's Crust

8.10 %0.66 %

1E-37 8.1

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Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

0 1.1

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Abundance In Humans

0.00 %0.00 %

0 1.4

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Uses

Uses & Benefits

Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Non Toxic

Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

In Blood

0.39 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

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In Bone

27.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

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Physical

Melting Point

660.37 °C1,750.00 °C

-38.83 3410

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Boiling Point

2,467.00 °C4,790.00 °C

0 5660

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Appearance

Physical State

Solid

Color

Silvery Gray

Silver

Luster

Metallic

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

2.753.00

0.2 8.5

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Brinell Hardness

160.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

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Vickers Hardness

160.00 MPa295.00 MPa

0 3920

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Speed of Sound

5,000.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

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Optical Properties

Refractive Index

1.611.60

0.155 3.41

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Reflectivity

71.00 %15.00 %

5 97

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Allotropes

✔ ✘

α Allotropes

β Allotropes

γ Allotropes

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

1128

0 38

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Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

1.611.30

0 2.6

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Sanderson Electronegativity

1.711.30

0.22 2.56

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Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.471.11

0.86 1.9

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Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.831.30

0.62 2.48

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Allen Electronegativity

1.611.30

0.659 2.7

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Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

2.392.70

1.46 3.3

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Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

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2nd Energy Level

1,816.70 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

392.8 28750

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3rd Energy Level

2,744.80 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

392.8 34230

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4th Energy Level

11,577.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

375.7 37066

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5th Energy Level

14,842.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

392 97510

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6th Energy Level

18,379.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

1007 105800

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7th Energy level

23,326.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

1007 114300

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8th Energy Level

27,465.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

730 125300

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9th Energy Level

31,853.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

1007 134700

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10th Energy Level

38,473.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

392 144300

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11th Energy Level

42,647.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

392 169988

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12th Energy Level

5,770.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

0 189368

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13th Energy Level

5,770.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

1007 76015

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14th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

380 86450

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15th Energy Level

57,700.00 kJ/mol58,700.00 kJ/mol

33000 100700

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16th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol58,700.00 kJ/mol

375.7 109480

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17th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol

375.7 122200

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18th Energy Level

5,775.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol

0 134810

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19th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 148700

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20th Energy Level

577.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

0 171200

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21st Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 179100

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22nd Energy Level

577.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

330 184900

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23rd Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

357.6 198800

👆🏻

24th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

297.3 195200

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25th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

0 121900

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26th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol

357.6 127700

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27th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol

0 133800

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28th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol

297.3 139800

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29th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

0 148100

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30th Energy Level

577.50 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol

0 154500

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Electrochemical Equivalent

0.34 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

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Electron Work Function

4.28 eV3.41 eV

2.14 6

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Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Atomic

Atomic Number

1390

3 117

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Electron Configuration

[Ne] 3s² 3p¹

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Crystal Lattice

Atom

Number of Protons

1390

3 117

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Number of Neutrons

14142

4 285

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Number of Electrons

1390

3 117

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Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

143.00 pm179.80 pm

0 348

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Covalent Radius

121.00 pm206.00 pm

0 260

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Van der Waals Radius

184.00 pm237.00 pm

0 348

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Atomic Weight

26.98 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

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Atomic Volume

10.00 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

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Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

80.70 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

0 392.42

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Lattice Constant

404.95 pm508.42 pm

0 891.25

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Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

Lattice C/A Ratio

1.581.10

0.423 1.9

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Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

2.70 g/cm³11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

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Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

2.38 g/cm311.72 g/cm3

0.512 41

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Tensile Strength

40.00 MPa75.00 MPa

0.1 11000

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Viscosity

0.000.00

1.5E-05 0.0035

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Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

0 121

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Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

0 774

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Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

26.00 GPa31.00 GPa

1.3 222

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Bulk Modulus

76.00 GPa54.00 GPa

0 462

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Young's Modulus

70.00 GPa79.00 GPa

0 528

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Poisson Ratio

0.350.27

0.032 0.47

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Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Ductile

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

2.7211.70

0.53 4500

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Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Permeability

0.00 H/m0.00 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

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Susceptibility

0.000.00

-0.000166 200000

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Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Conductor

Superconductor

Resistivity

28.20 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m

0.1 961

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Electrical Conductivity

0.38 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0 0.63

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Electron Affinity

42.50 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

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Thermal

Specific Heat

0.90 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.1 3.6

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Molar Heat Capacity

24.20 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K

13.1 62.7

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Thermal Conductivity

237.00 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K

0 429

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Critical Temperature

933.00 K2,023.00 K

26.3 3695

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Thermal Expansion

23.10 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

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Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

293.70 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

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Enthalpy of Fusion

10.67 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

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Enthalpy of Atomization

322.20 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

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Standard Molar Entropy

28.30 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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