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Aluminium vs Thorium

Aluminium
Thorium
Thorium vs Aluminium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Al   
Th   
Group Number
13   
5
0   
18
Period Number
3   
7   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7429905   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
  • Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
  • It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Hans Christian Oersted   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1825   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-3 %   
5
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.006 %   
5
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.91 %   
5
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
8.10 %   
1
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
6
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
10
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3   
9
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
27.00 p.p.m.   
11
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
660.37 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,467.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.75   
13
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
160.00 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
160.00 MPa   
35
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
5,000.00 m/s   
10
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
71.00 %   
10
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Al   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
11   
27
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.61   
22
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.71   
13
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.83   
8
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.61   
20
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.39   
32
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,816.70 kJ/mol   
19
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,744.80 kJ/mol   
38
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
11,577.00 kJ/mol   
3
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
14,842.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
18,379.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
7th Energy level
23,326.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
27,465.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
31,853.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
38,473.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
42,647.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.34 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.28 eV   
19
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
13   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2 3p1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
13   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
14   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
13   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
143.00 pm   
37
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
121.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
184.00 pm   
34
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
26.98 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
10.00 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Magnesium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Potassium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.70 (-eV)   
17
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
404.95 pm   
22
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.70 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
18
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa   
29
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
76.00 GPa   
18
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
70.00 GPa   
28
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.35   
9
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.72   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
4
Not Available   
Susceptibility
0.00   
3
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
28.20 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.38 106/cm Ω   
4
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
42.50 kJ/mol   
26
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.90 J/(kg K)   
5
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.20 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
237.00 W/m·K   
4
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.10 µm/(m·K)   
17
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
293.70 kJ/mol   
31
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.67 kJ/mol   
35
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.20 kJ/mol   
31
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
28.30 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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