Barium vs Cadmium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ba
Cd
Group Number
2
16
12
6
Period Number
6
5
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440393
99+
7440439
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
- All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
- Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In 1772
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.0000006 %
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
20
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.03 %
11
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
12
0.00 %
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
- Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3
15
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.
9
1.80 p.p.m.
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
725.00 °C
99+
320.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C
99+
765.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.25
19
2.00
16
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
203.00 MPa
39
Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s
99+
2,310.00 m/s
39
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ba
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
37
2
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.89
99+
1.69
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.68
28
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97
38
1.46
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.88
22
1.53
13
Allen Electronegativity
0.88
99+
1.52
27
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.11
4
2.31
37
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol
99+
867.80 kJ/mol
11
2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol
14
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr
20
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV
99+
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
56
99+
48
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
56
99+
48
99+
Number of Neutrons
81
99+
64
99+
Number of Electrons
56
99+
48
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
222.00 pm
4
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
215.00 pm
5
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm
6
158.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
137.33 amu
99+
112.41 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol
5
13.10 cm3/mol
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)
99+
30.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
502.80 pm
15
297.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.89
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm3
99+
8.65 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm3
99+
8.00 g/cm3
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available
62.00 MPa
16
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)
6
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa
99+
19.00 GPa
35
Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa
99+
42.00 GPa
29
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa
99+
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
3.62
99+
8.65
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m
13
72.70 nΩ·m
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
40
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol
36
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)
30
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K
12
26.02 J/mol·K
32
Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K
99+
96.60 W/m·K
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)
22
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol
99+
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol
99+
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol
99+
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K
20
51.80 J/mol.K
27
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