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Cadmium vs Rubidium

Cadmium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Rb   
Group Number
12   
6
1   
17
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
s block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Grayish White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
0.22 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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