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Rubidium vs Cadmium

Rubidium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Rubidium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Cd  
Group Number
1  
17
12  
6
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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