Beryllium Promethium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Be
Pm
Group Number
2
16
Not Available
Period Number
2
6
Block
s block
f block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440417
99+
7440122
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Not Available
Space Group Number
194.00
5
Not Available
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Discovery
In 1797
In 1942
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %
23
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %
29
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
35
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
39
Not Available
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
19
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
32
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
32
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C
36
1,042.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C
32
3,000.00 °C
31
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
White Gray
Unknown
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa
21
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa
4
Not Available
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s
2
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be
Pm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
9
29
27
12
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57
24
Not Available
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81
12
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47
14
1.07
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54
12
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.58
23
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43
30
Not Available
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol
7
540.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol
23
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol
2
2,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol
2
3,970.00 kJ/mol
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr
36
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV
6
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4
99+
61
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
4
99+
61
99+
Number of Neutrons
5
99+
84
40
Number of Electrons
4
99+
61
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm
99+
183.00 pm
10
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm
99+
199.00 pm
12
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm
99+
236.00 pm
16
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu
99+
145.00 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol
99+
22.39 cm3/mol
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)
15
44.10 (-eV)
39
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm
99+
Not Available
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
Unknown
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
18
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3
99+
7.26 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
19
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa
7
18.00 GPa
36
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa
13
33.00 GPa
36
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa
7
46.00 GPa
38
Poisson Ratio
0.03
35
0.28
17
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.85
99+
7.26
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m
99+
0.75 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω
5
Not Available
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)
2
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K
99+
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K
6
17.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)
34
9.00 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol
30
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol
30
7.50 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol
30
310.00 kJ/mol
34
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K
99+
Not Available
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