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Beryllium vs Promethium

Beryllium
Promethium
Promethium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be   
Pm   
Group Number
2   
16
Not Available   
Period Number
2   
6   
Block
s block   
f block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440417   
99+
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1797   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %   
23
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %   
29
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
35
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
19
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
32
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
32
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C   
36
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C   
32
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
White Gray   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa   
4
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s   
2
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9   
29
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57   
24
Not Available   
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81   
12
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.07   
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54   
12
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.58   
23
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43   
30
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol   
7
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol   
23
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol   
2
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol   
2
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
5   
99+
84   
40
Number of Electrons
4   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm   
99+
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm   
99+
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm   
99+
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol   
99+
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)   
15
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
18
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
19
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa   
7
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa   
13
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa   
7
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.03   
35
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85   
99+
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m   
99+
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω   
5
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)   
2
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K   
6
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)   
34
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol   
30
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol   
30
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol   
30
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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