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Bismuth vs Cadmium

Bismuth
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Bismuth


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bi  
Cd  
Group Number
15  
3
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440699  
22
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
C12/m1  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
12.00  
15
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1753  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
271.30 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bi  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.02  
7
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.34  
3
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.67  
7
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.15  
8
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
2.01  
5
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.98  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
83  
33
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
83  
33
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
126  
19
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
83  
33
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm  
31
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm  
38
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm  
33
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu  
29
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lead
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Polonium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm  
2
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
32.00 MPa  
99+
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa  
99+
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.33  
11
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.79  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
20
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
36
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
544.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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