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Cadmium Scandium Comparison

Cadmium
Scandium
Scandium Cadmium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Sc   
Group Number
12   
6
3   
15
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
750.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
Summary >>
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