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Cadmium vs Palladium

Cadmium
Palladium
Palladium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Pd  
Group Number
12  
6
10  
8
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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