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Palladium vs Cadmium

Palladium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Cd  
Group Number
10  
8
12  
6
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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