Palladium vs Cadmium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd
Cd
Group Number
10
8
12
6
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440053
99+
7440439
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Ores of metals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In 1803
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
24
~0.0000006 %
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
In Bone
Not Available
1.80 p.p.m.
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C
22
320.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C
33
765.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.75
9
2.00
16
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa
33
203.00 MPa
39
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa
36
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s
26
2,310.00 m/s
39
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.72
1
Not Available
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
38
1
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
1.69
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35
21
1.46
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.53
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
1.52
27
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
2.31
37
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
867.80 kJ/mol
11
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV
3
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46
99+
48
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
46
99+
48
99+
Number of Neutrons
60
99+
64
99+
Number of Electrons
46
99+
48
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm
40
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
158.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu
99+
112.41 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
13.10 cm3/mol
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)
99+
30.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm
25
297.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.89
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3
29
8.65 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3
17
8.00 g/cm3
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available
62.00 MPa
16
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
19.00 GPa
35
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
42.00 GPa
29
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa
16
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
0.39
5
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.02
21
8.65
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m
29
72.70 nΩ·m
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol
17
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K
33
26.02 J/mol·K
32
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K
23
96.60 W/m·K
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol
19
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol
18
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol
22
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K
40
51.80 J/mol.K
27
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