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Palladium vs Cadmium

Palladium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd   
Cd   
Group Number
10   
8
12   
6
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440053   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
Not Available   
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C   
22
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C   
33
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75   
9
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa   
33
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa   
36
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s   
26
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72   
1
Not Available   
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38   
1
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35   
21
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol   
2
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol   
3
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr   
30
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV   
3
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
60   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
46   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm   
40
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol   
99+
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)   
99+
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm   
25
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3   
29
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3   
17
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa   
16
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.39   
5
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02   
21
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m   
29
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω   
22
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol   
17
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
23
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K   
33
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K   
23
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)   
33
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol   
19
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol   
18
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol   
22
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K   
40
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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