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Cadmium vs Copper

Cadmium
Copper
Copper vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd   
Cu   
Group Number
12   
6
11   
7
Period Number
5   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440439   
99+
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1817   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %   
21
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
31
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
11
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
320.90 °C   
99+
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
765.00 °C   
99+
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Copper   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00   
16
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa   
39
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s   
39
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cd   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69   
17
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98   
9
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46   
15
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53   
13
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.52   
27
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31   
37
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV   
22
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
48   
99+
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48   
99+
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
64   
99+
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
48   
99+
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm   
99+
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu   
99+
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm   
99+
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89   
1
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3   
28
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa   
16
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa   
35
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa   
29
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa   
36
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65   
36
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
Not Available   
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K   
16
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
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