1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
2.3 Block
2.4 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
2.5 CAS Number
74404397440280
7429905
54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
2.7 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
4.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
William Crookes
4.3.2 Discovery
4.4 Abundance
4.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %5 * 10-9 %
5E-09
0.11
4.5.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
4.5.2 Abundance In Meteorites
4.7.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.7.4 Abundance In Oceans
4.7.6 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.4 In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
320.90 °C303.50 °C
27
3410
7.4 Boiling Point
765.00 °C1,457.00 °C
147
5660
7.5 Appearance
7.5.1 Physical State
7.5.2 Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Silvery White
7.5.3 Luster
7.6 Hardness
7.6.1 Mohs Hardness
7.6.4 Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa26.50 MPa
0.14
3490
7.8.2 Vickers Hardness
7.9 Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s818.00 m/s
818
16200
7.10 Optical Properties
7.10.1 Refractive Index
7.10.4 Reflectivity
7.11 Allotropes
7.11.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.11.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.11.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.3.7 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.3.9 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.3.12 Allen Electronegativity
8.4 Electropositivity
8.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.5 Ionization Energies
8.5.1 1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.5.4 2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,971.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.5.7 3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol2,878.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.5.11 4th Energy Level
8.6.1 5th Energy Level
8.7.1 6th Energy Level
9.1.1 7th Energy level
9.4.3 8th Energy Level
9.4.5 9th Energy Level
9.5.3 10th Energy Level
9.6.1 11th Energy Level
9.7.1 12th Energy Level
9.10.1 13th Energy Level
10.1.2 14th Energy Level
10.2.1 15th Energy Level
10.4.2 16th Energy Level
10.4.4 17th Energy Level
10.5.2 18th Energy Level
10.5.4 19th Energy Level
10.5.6 20th Energy Level
11.1.2 21st Energy Level
11.1.5 22nd Energy Level
11.1.7 23rd Energy Level
11.2.3 24th Energy Level
11.2.5 25th Energy Level
11.2.7 26th Energy Level
12.1.1 27th Energy Level
12.2.1 28th Energy Level
12.3.1 29th Energy Level
12.3.2 30th Energy Level
12.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr7.63 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.7 Electron Work Function
12.9 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
13.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
13.5.1 Number of Neutrons
13.5.2 Number of Electrons
13.6 Radius of an Atom
13.6.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm170.00 pm
112
265
13.6.2 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm145.00 pm
96
260
13.6.3 Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm196.00 pm
139
348
13.7 Atomic Weight
112.41 amu204.38 amu
6.94
294
13.8 Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol17.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
13.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
13.9.1 Previous Element
13.9.2 Next Element
13.10 Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)9.60 (-eV)
8
392.42
13.11 Lattice Constant
297.94 pm345.66 pm
228.58
891.25
13.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
13.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
14 Mechanical
14.1 Density
14.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm311.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
14.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm311.22 g/cm3
0.512
20
14.2 Tensile Strength
14.3 Viscosity
14.4 Vapor Pressure
14.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA16.90 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
14.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
14.5 Elasticity properties
14.5.1 Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa2.80 GPa
1.3
222
14.5.2 Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa43.00 GPa
1.6
462
14.5.3 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa8.00 GPa
1.7
528
14.6 Poisson Ratio
14.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
15.1.3 Permeability
15.1.4 Susceptibility
15.2 Electrical Properties
15.2.1 Electrical Property
15.2.2 Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m0.18 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.06 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol19.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.3 Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K46.10 W/m·K
6.3
429
16.4 Critical Temperature
16.5 Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)29.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
16.6 Enthalpy
16.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol162.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
16.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol4.27 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol179.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.7 Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K64.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1