Calcium Cadmium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca
Cd
Group Number
2
16
12
6
Period Number
4
5
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440702
21
7440439
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In 1808
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %
3
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %
4
~0.0000006 %
21
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %
4
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %
3
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
5
0.00 %
28
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %
1
0.00 %
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
- Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
4
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
24
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.
1
1.80 p.p.m.
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
839.00 °C
99+
320.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C
99+
765.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.75
17
2.00
16
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa
99+
203.00 MPa
39
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
19
2,310.00 m/s
39
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ca
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
19
20
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00
99+
1.69
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95
24
1.98
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04
34
1.46
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08
17
1.53
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.03
39
1.52
27
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00
9
2.31
37
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol
99+
867.80 kJ/mol
11
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol
32
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol
7
3,616.00 kJ/mol
13
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol
16
Not Available
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
27
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV
38
4.22 eV
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
20
99+
48
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
20
99+
48
99+
Number of Neutrons
20
99+
64
99+
Number of Electrons
20
99+
48
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm
6
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm
22
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm
19
158.00 pm
99+
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu
99+
112.41 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol
7
13.10 cm3/mol
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)
99+
30.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm
9
297.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.89
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3
99+
8.65 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3
99+
8.00 g/cm3
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available
62.00 MPa
16
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)
3
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa
99+
19.00 GPa
35
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa
99+
42.00 GPa
29
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa
99+
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
0.31
13
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.58
99+
8.65
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m
99+
72.70 nΩ·m
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω
6
0.14 106/cm Ω
15
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol
39
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)
7
0.23 J/(kg K)
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K
34
26.02 J/mol·K
32
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K
5
96.60 W/m·K
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)
19
30.80 µm/(m·K)
10
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol
99+
100.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol
99+
6.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol
99+
113.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K
36
51.80 J/mol.K
27
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