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Calcium vs Fermium

Calcium
Fermium
Fermium vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Fm  
Group Number
2  
16
3  
15
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7440724  
19
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1808  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
-  
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
1,527.00 °C  
26
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
18
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Fm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
35
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
99+
4.47 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
20  
99+
100  
18
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
100  
18
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
100  
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
8
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
24
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
23
245.00 pm  
13
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
257.00 amu  
15
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
10
350.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.63  
13
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa  
99+
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
6
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
9.70  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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