1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
74407027440202
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Lars Fredrik Nilson
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %3 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.5 Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.8 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.11 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.15 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.18 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.7 In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
839.00 °C1,539.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C2,832.00 °C
147
5660
4.4 Appearance
4.4.1 Physical State
4.4.2 Color
4.4.3 Luster
4.5 Hardness
4.5.1 Mohs Hardness
5.1.1 Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa750.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.4.3 Vickers Hardness
5.5 Speed of Sound
5.7 Optical Properties
5.7.1 Refractive Index
5.7.4 Reflectivity
5.8 Allotropes
5.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.7.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
2.5.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.9.1 Allen Electronegativity
3.8 Electropositivity
3.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
3.9 Ionization Energies
3.9.1 1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
4.1.1 2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
4.1.4 3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol
1600
34230
4.4.3 4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol7,090.60 kJ/mol
2780
37066
2.1.2 5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol8,843.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
3.3.3 6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol10,679.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
4.3.2 7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol13,310.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
4.7.1 8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol15,250.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
4.7.2 9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol17,370.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.7.2 10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol21,726.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.7.7 11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol24,102.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
6.1.2 12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol66,320.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
6.5.1 13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol73,010.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
7.2.2 14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol80,160.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
7.5.3 15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol89,490.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
8.2.5 16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol97,400.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
8.4.4 17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol105,600.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.2.1 18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol117,000.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.4.1 19th Energy Level
NA124,270.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
10.1.2 20th Energy Level
10.1.5 21st Energy Level
10.1.8 22nd Energy Level
10.1.11 23rd Energy Level
10.1.14 24th Energy Level
10.2.2 25th Energy Level
10.3.2 26th Energy Level
10.5.3 27th Energy Level
10.5.6 28th Energy Level
11.2.2 29th Energy Level
11.2.4 30th Energy Level
11.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.6 Electron Work Function
11.7 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
12.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
12.3.2 Crystal Lattice
12.4 Atom
12.4.1 Number of Protons
12.5.3 Number of Neutrons
13.2.2 Number of Electrons
13.4 Radius of an Atom
13.4.1 Atomic Radius
197.00 pm162.00 pm
112
265
13.5.3 Covalent Radius
176.00 pm170.00 pm
96
260
13.5.6 Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm211.00 pm
139
348
13.6 Atomic Weight
40.08 amu44.96 amu
6.94
294
13.7 Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
13.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
13.8.1 Previous Element
13.8.2 Next Element
13.9 Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.2 Lattice Constant
558.84 pm330.90 pm
228.58
891.25
14.3 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
14.4 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm32.99 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.3.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm32.80 g/cm3
0.512
20
16.3 Tensile Strength
16.4 Viscosity
16.9 Vapor Pressure
16.9.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
16.9.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA91.30 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
16.11 Elasticity properties
16.11.1 Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa29.10 GPa
1.3
222
16.11.5 Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa56.60 GPa
1.6
462
16.12.4 Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa74.40 GPa
1.7
528
16.13 Poisson Ratio
16.16 Other Mechanical Properties
17 Magnetic
17.1 Magnetic Characteristics
17.1.1 Specific Gravity
17.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
17.1.4 Permeability
17.2.2 Susceptibility
17.3 Electrical Properties
17.3.1 Electrical Property
17.3.2 Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
17.5.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
17.6.2 Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
19 Thermal
19.1 Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
19.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
19.5 Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
19.8 Critical Temperature
20.2 Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
20.4 Enthalpy
20.4.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
20.7.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
20.7.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
20.8 Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1