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Cerium vs Cadmium

Cerium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Cd   
Group Number
Not Available   
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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