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Cadmium vs Europium

Cadmium
Europium
Europium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Eu  
Group Number
12  
6
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440531  
34
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Europium is used in Euro banknotes for security features.  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1896  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
  • It is used in low energy light bulbs.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
822.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
1,597.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
167.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
167.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
6,320.00 m/s  
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.83  
19
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Eu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.01  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.50  
27
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,404.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
580.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
1.89 g/amp-hr  
37
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
2.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
63  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Xe] 4f7 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
63  
99+
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
89  
39
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
63  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
198.00 pm  
13
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
233.00 pm  
22
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
151.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
28.90 cm3/mol  
11
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Samarium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Gadolinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
45.60 (-eV)  
36
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
458.10 pm  
19
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.58  
35
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
5.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
5.13 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
19.40 (Pa)  
4
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
7.90 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
8.30 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
18.20 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.15  
35
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
5.24  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
15
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
0.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
27.66 J/mol·K  
19
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
13.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,099.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
35.00 µm/(m·K)  
8
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
143.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
9.21 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
77.80 J/mol.K  
4
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