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Cerium vs Chromium

Cerium
Chromium
Chromium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce  
Cr  
Group Number
3  
15
6  
12
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440451  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1803  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
27
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
795.00 °C  
99+
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C  
24
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa  
99+
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.20  
9
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ce  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.12  
37
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08  
32
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88  
11
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
58  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
82  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
58  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm  
14
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm  
8
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm  
21
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm  
38
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
31
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
270.00 MPa  
17
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)  
13
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa  
99+
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa  
99+
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa  
99+
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
27
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77  
99+
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
1,071.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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