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Cerium vs Chromium

Cerium
Chromium
Chromium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Cr   
Group Number
Not Available   
6   
12
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1803   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.56   
10
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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