Chromium vs Cerium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr
Ce
Group Number
6
12
Not Available
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440473
39
7440451
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %
7
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %
7
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %
7
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
13
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
16
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.
21
2.70 p.p.m.
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C
14
795.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C
39
3,257.00 °C
23
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
8.50
1
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa
16
186.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa
10
210.00 MPa
32
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s
5
2,100.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cr
Ce
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
21
18
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66
18
1.12
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66
14
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56
10
1.08
31
Allen Electronegativity
1.65
19
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34
36
2.88
11
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol
1
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol
1
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol
1
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol
1
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol
1
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV
14
2.84 eV
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
24
99+
58
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
24
99+
58
99+
Number of Neutrons
28
99+
82
99+
Number of Electrons
24
99+
58
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
181.80 pm
12
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
204.00 pm
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
235.00 pm
17
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu
99+
140.12 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol
99+
20.67 cm3/mol
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)
4
41.78 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm
99+
362.00 pm
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3
99+
6.77 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3
40
6.55 g/cm3
38
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa
7
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
0.00 (Pa)
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)
1
1.04 (Pa)
13
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa
9
13.50 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa
11
21.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa
8
33.60 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21
32
0.24
27
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.19
99+
6.77
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
NA
Conductor
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m
27
828.00 nΩ·m
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
25
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol
15
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)
12
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K
99+
26.94 J/mol·K
23
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K
17
11.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol
24
414.00 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol
20
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol
21
381.00 kJ/mol
23
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K
99+
72.00 J/mol.K
12
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