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Chromium Cerium Comparison

Chromium
Cerium
Cerium Chromium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Ce  
Group Number
6  
12
3  
15
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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