1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74404517440188
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Karl Ernst Claus
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %4 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0000005 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Low Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C2,250.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C3,900.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm134.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm270.59 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa173.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa220.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa447.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1