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Cesium Promethium Comparison

Cesium
Promethium
Promethium Cesium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cs  
Pm  
Group Number
1  
17
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440462  
40
7440122  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Cesium is the most alkaline metal and is used in atomic clocks.  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Discovery
In 1860  
In 1942  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
20
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
17
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
  • In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
28
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.05 p.p.m.  
31
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
28.50 °C  
99+
1,042.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
678.40 °C  
99+
3,000.00 °C  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gold  
-  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.20  
27
-  
Brinell Hardness
0.14 MPa  
99+
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
0.14 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
1,630.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.93  
17
1.70  
27
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cs  
Pm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
27  
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.79  
99+
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.22  
99+
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.86  
99+
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.62  
99+
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
0.66  
99+
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.21  
2
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,234.30 kJ/mol  
8
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
3,760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
37,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
375.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
375.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.96 g/amp-hr  
3
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
Electron Work Function
2.14 eV  
99+
5.30 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
55  
99+
61  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s1  
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
55  
99+
61  
99+
Number of Neutrons
78  
99+
84  
99+
Number of Electrons
55  
99+
61  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
265.00 pm  
2
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
244.00 pm  
2
199.00 pm  
12
Van der Waals Radius
343.00 pm  
2
236.00 pm  
20
Atomic Weight
132.91 amu  
99+
145.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
71.07 cm3/mol  
1
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Tin
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Barium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
8.62 (-eV)  
99+
44.10 (-eV)  
40
Lattice Constant
614.10 pm  
5
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.87  
3
1.63  
14
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.93 g/cm3  
99+
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.84 g/cm3  
99+
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
1.60 GPa  
99+
33.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
1.70 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.87  
99+
7.26  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
25
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
205.00 nΩ·m  
17
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
45.50 kJ/mol  
30
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
32.21 J/mol·K  
6
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
Thermal Conductivity
35.90 W/m·K  
37
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,938.00 K  
22
1,315.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
97.00 µm/(m·K)  
1
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
65.90 kJ/mol  
99+
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.10 kJ/mol  
99+
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
78.20 kJ/mol  
99+
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
85.20 J/mol.K  
3
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
Summary >>
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