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Cesium vs Palladium

Cesium
Palladium
Palladium vs Cesium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cs  
Pd  
Group Number
1  
17
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440462  
40
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
Cesium is the most alkaline metal and is used in atomic clocks.  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1860  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
17
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
  • In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
28
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.05 p.p.m.  
31
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
28.50 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
678.40 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gold  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.20  
27
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
0.14 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
0.14 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,630.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.93  
17
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cs  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.79  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.22  
99+
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.86  
99+
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.62  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
0.66  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.21  
2
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,234.30 kJ/mol  
8
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
3,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
3,760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
37,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
375.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
375.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.96 g/amp-hr  
3
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
2.14 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
55  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
55  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
78  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
55  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
265.00 pm  
2
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
244.00 pm  
2
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
343.00 pm  
2
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
132.91 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
71.07 cm3/mol  
1
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Tin
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Barium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
8.62 (-eV)  
99+
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
614.10 pm  
5
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.87  
3
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.93 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.84 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
1.60 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
1.70 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.87  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
205.00 nΩ·m  
17
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
45.50 kJ/mol  
30
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
32.21 J/mol·K  
6
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.90 W/m·K  
37
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,938.00 K  
22
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
97.00 µm/(m·K)  
1
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
65.90 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.10 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
78.20 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
85.20 J/mol.K  
3
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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