Palladium vs Cesium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd
Cs
Group Number
10
8
1
17
Period Number
5
6
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
7440053
99+
7440462
40
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Not Available
Sources
Ores of metals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1803
In 1860
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
8 * 10-8 %
24
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
24
~0.0000008 %
20
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
17
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
- In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Mildly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
28
In Bone
Not Available
0.05 p.p.m.
26
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C
22
28.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C
33
678.40 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Gold
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.75
9
0.20
25
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa
33
0.14 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa
36
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s
26
Not Available
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.72
1
Not Available
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd
Cs
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
38
1
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20
4
0.79
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.22
33
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35
21
0.86
99+
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.62
26
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
0.66
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80
99+
3.21
2
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol
99+
375.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol
2
2,234.30 kJ/mol
8
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol
3
3,400.00 kJ/mol
16
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr
30
4.96 g/amp-hr
3
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV
3
2.14 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46
99+
55
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Xe] 6s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
46
99+
55
99+
Number of Neutrons
60
99+
78
99+
Number of Electrons
46
99+
55
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm
40
265.00 pm
1
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
244.00 pm
2
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
343.00 pm
2
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu
99+
132.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol
99+
71.07 cm3/mol
1
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)
99+
8.62 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm
25
614.10 pm
5
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3
29
1.93 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3
17
1.84 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
1.60 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa
16
1.70 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.39
5
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.02
21
1.87
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m
29
205.00 nΩ·m
17
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω
22
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol
17
45.50 kJ/mol
25
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K
33
32.21 J/mol·K
4
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K
23
35.90 W/m·K
36
Critical Temperature
Not Available
1,938.00 K
5
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)
33
97.00 µm/(m·K)
1
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol
19
65.90 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol
18
2.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol
22
78.20 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K
40
85.20 J/mol.K
3
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