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Cesium vs Thorium

Cesium
Thorium
Thorium vs Cesium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cs  
Th  
Group Number
1  
17
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440462  
40
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Cesium is the most alkaline metal and is used in atomic clocks.  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1860  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
38
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
  • In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
28
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.05 p.p.m.  
31
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
28.50 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
678.40 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gold  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.20  
27
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
0.14 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
0.14 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,630.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.93  
17
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cs  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.79  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.22  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.86  
99+
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.62  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.66  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.21  
2
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,234.30 kJ/mol  
8
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
3,760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
3,750.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
37,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,757.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
375.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
375.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.96 g/amp-hr  
3
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
2.14 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
55  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
55  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
78  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
55  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
265.00 pm  
2
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
244.00 pm  
2
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
343.00 pm  
2
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
132.91 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
71.07 cm3/mol  
1
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Tin
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Barium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
8.62 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
614.10 pm  
5
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.87  
3
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.93 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.84 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
1.60 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
1.70 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.87  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
205.00 nΩ·m  
17
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
45.50 kJ/mol  
30
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
32.21 J/mol·K  
6
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
35.90 W/m·K  
37
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,938.00 K  
22
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
97.00 µm/(m·K)  
1
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
65.90 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
78.20 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
85.20 J/mol.K  
3
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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