Chromium Vanadium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr
V
Group Number
6
12
5
13
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440473
39
7440622
27
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Andrés Manuel del Río
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %
7
1 * 10-4 %
10
Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %
7
~0.00004 %
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %
7
0.01 %
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
13
0.02 %
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
16
0.00 %
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
- Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
36
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.
21
0.00 p.p.m.
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C
14
1,890.00 °C
13
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C
39
3,380.00 °C
20
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Blue-Silver Grey
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
8.50
1
6.70
4
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa
16
600.00 MPa
20
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa
10
628.00 MPa
17
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s
5
4,560.00 m/s
17
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
61.00 %
14
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cr
V
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
21
18
22
17
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66
18
1.63
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66
14
1.39
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56
10
1.45
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.65
19
1.53
26
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34
36
2.37
34
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol
1
650.90 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol
1
1,414.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol
1
2,830.00 kJ/mol
35
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol
1
4,507.00 kJ/mol
25
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
6,298.70 kJ/mol
23
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol
1
12,363.00 kJ/mol
5
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol
1
14,530.00 kJ/mol
5
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol
1
16,730.00 kJ/mol
7
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol
1
19,860.00 kJ/mol
7
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol
1
22,240.00 kJ/mol
12
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol
12
24,670.00 kJ/mol
15
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol
13
29,730.00 kJ/mol
12
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol
10
32,446.00 kJ/mol
12
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol
12
86,450.00 kJ/mol
1
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol
1
94,170.00 kJ/mol
2
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol
2
102,300.00 kJ/mol
3
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol
3
112,700.00 kJ/mol
4
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol
4
121,600.00 kJ/mol
5
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol
5
130,700.00 kJ/mol
6
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol
7
143,400.00 kJ/mol
8
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol
7
151,440.00 kJ/mol
8
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr
99+
0.38 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV
14
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
24
99+
23
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
24
99+
23
99+
Number of Neutrons
28
99+
28
99+
Number of Electrons
24
99+
23
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm
99+
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
153.00 pm
33
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu
99+
50.94 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol
99+
8.78 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)
4
120.00 (-eV)
6
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm
99+
303.00 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3
99+
6.00 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3
40
5.50 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa
7
800.00 MPa
6
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)
1
0.23 (Pa)
16
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa
9
47.00 GPa
16
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa
11
160.00 GPa
11
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa
8
128.00 GPa
15
Poisson Ratio
0.21
32
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.19
99+
5.96
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
NA
Superconductor
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m
27
197.00 nΩ·m
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
25
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol
15
50.60 kJ/mol
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)
12
0.49 J/(kg K)
10
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K
99+
24.89 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K
17
30.70 W/m·K
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
8.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol
24
458.60 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol
20
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol
21
514.60 kJ/mol
13
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K
99+
28.90 J/mol.K
99+
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