Symbol
V
  
Cr
  
Period Number
4
  
4
  
Block
d block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río
  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
  
Discovery
In 1801
  
In Between 1797 - 1798
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %
  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
-
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Highly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
36
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
31
0.33 p.p.m.
  
21
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C
  
13
1,857.00 °C
  
14
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C
  
20
2,672.00 °C
  
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey
  
Silver
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa
  
10
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s
  
17
5,940.00 m/s
  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
V
  
Cr
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol
  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol
  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol
  
35
34,230.00 kJ/mol
  
1
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol
  
25
37,066.00 kJ/mol
  
1
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol
  
23
97,510.00 kJ/mol
  
1
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol
  
5
105,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol
  
5
114,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol
  
7
125,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol
  
7
134,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol
  
12
144,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol
  
15
26,130.00 kJ/mol
  
12
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol
  
12
28,750.00 kJ/mol
  
13
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol
  
12
34,230.00 kJ/mol
  
10
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol
  
1
37,066.00 kJ/mol
  
12
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol
  
2
97,510.00 kJ/mol
  
1
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol
  
3
105,800.00 kJ/mol
  
2
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol
  
4
114,300.00 kJ/mol
  
3
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol
  
5
125,300.00 kJ/mol
  
4
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol
  
6
134,700.00 kJ/mol
  
5
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol
  
8
144,300.00 kJ/mol
  
7
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol
  
8
157,700.00 kJ/mol
  
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
  
166,090.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol
  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)
  
6
170.00 (-eV)
  
4
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3
  
99+
7.19 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3
  
99+
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Antiferromagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor
  
NA
  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m
  
19
125.00 nΩ·m
  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
  
35
0.08 106/cm Ω
  
25
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol
  
20
64.30 kJ/mol
  
15
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)
  
10
0.45 J/(kg K)
  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K
  
99+
23.35 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K
  
39
93.90 W/m·K
  
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol
  
14
348.80 kJ/mol
  
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
  
14
15.31 kJ/mol
  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol
  
13
397.50 kJ/mol
  
21
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K
  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K
  
99+