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Vanadium Chromium Comparison


Chromium Vanadium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
V   
Cr   

Group Number
5   
13
6   
12

Period Number
4   
4   

Block
d block   
d block   

Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   

CAS Number
7440622   
27
7440473   
39

Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
Im_ 3m   

Space Group Number
229.00   
1
229.00   
1

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  

Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   

Discovery
In 1801   
In Between 1797 - 1798   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %   
10
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7

Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %   
13
~0.002 %   
7

Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %   
14
0.30 %   
7

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %   
12
0.01 %   
13

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
14
0.00 %   
16

Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
16

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  

Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Toxic   
Highly Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
0.33 p.p.m.   
21

Physical Properties

Melting Point
1,890.00 °C   
13
1,857.00 °C   
14

Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C   
20
2,672.00 °C   
39

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Blue-Silver Grey   
Silver   

Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
6.70   
4
8.50   
1

Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa   
20
687.00 MPa   
16

Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa   
17
1,060.00 MPa   
10

Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s   
17
5,940.00 m/s   
5

Optical Properties
  
  

Reflectivity
61.00 %   
14
Not Available   

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
V   
Cr   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
22   
17
21   
18

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.63   
20
1.66   
18

Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39   
17
1.66   
14

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.56   
10

Allen Electronegativity
1.53   
26
1.65   
19

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.37   
34
2.34   
36

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1

2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1

3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1

4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1

5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1

6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1

7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1

8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1

9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1

10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1

11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12

12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13

13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10

14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12

15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1

16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2

17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3

18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4

19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5

20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7

21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7

22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6

Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+

Electron Work Function
4.30 eV   
18
4.50 eV   
14

Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
23   
99+
24   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   

Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
23   
99+
24   
99+

Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
28   
99+

Number of Electrons
23   
99+
24   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
128.00 pm   
99+

Covalent Radius
153.00 pm   
33
139.00 pm   
99+

Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
200.00 pm   
28

Atomic Weight
50.94 amu   
99+
52.00 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Titanium
  
Vanadium
  

Next Element
Chromium
  
Manganese
  

Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)   
6
170.00 (-eV)   
4

Lattice Constant
303.00 pm   
99+
291.00 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
7.19 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
6.30 g/cm3   
40

Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa   
6
689.00 MPa   
7

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)   
16
774.00 (Pa)   
1

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa   
16
115.00 GPa   
9

Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
160.00 GPa   
11

Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa   
15
279.00 GPa   
8

Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.21   
32

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
5.96   
99+
7.19   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Superconductor   
NA   

Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
125.00 nΩ·m   
27

Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25

Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
64.30 kJ/mol   
15

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12

Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+

Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K   
39
93.90 W/m·K   
17

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
348.80 kJ/mol   
24

Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
15.31 kJ/mol   
20

Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
397.50 kJ/mol   
21

Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+

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