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Chromium vs Bismuth

Chromium
Bismuth
Bismuth vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Bi  
Group Number
6  
12
15  
3
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440699  
22
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
C12/m1  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
12.00  
15
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Claude François Geoffroy  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1753  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
271.30 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
1,560.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Bi  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.02  
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
2.34  
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.67  
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.15  
8
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
2.01  
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
1.98  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
83  
33
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
83  
33
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
126  
19
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
83  
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
156.00 pm  
31
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
148.00 pm  
38
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
207.00 pm  
33
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
208.98 amu  
29
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
667.40 pm  
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
32.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
12.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
31.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
32.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.33  
11
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
9.79  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
20
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
36
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
544.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
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