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Chromium vs Palladium

Chromium
Palladium
Palladium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Pd  
Group Number
6  
12
10  
8
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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