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Palladium vs Chromium

Palladium
Chromium
Chromium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Cr  
Group Number
10  
8
6  
12
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
229.00  
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1803  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
1.5 * 10-3 %  
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %  
24
~0.002 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
Not Available  
0.33 p.p.m.  
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
33
2,672.00 °C  
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
33
687.00 MPa  
16
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
36
1,060.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
26
5,940.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
1
Not Available  
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
4
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
1.66  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.66  
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
21
1.56  
10
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
22
1.65  
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
Not Available  
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available  
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available  
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available  
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available  
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available  
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available  
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available  
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available  
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available  
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available  
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available  
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available  
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available  
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available  
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available  
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
30
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
3
4.50 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
40
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
40
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
25
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
29
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
17
6.30 g/cm3  
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
16
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
21
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
NA  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
22
0.08 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
17
64.30 kJ/mol  
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
33
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
33
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
19
348.80 kJ/mol  
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
22
397.50 kJ/mol  
21
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
40
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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