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Dubnium vs Gadolinium

Dubnium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Dubnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Db  
Gd  
Group Number
5  
13
0  
18
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
53850354  
14
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • IUPAC allotted a temporary name to Dubnium metal as “ Unnilpentium”.
  • In the production of Dubnium, thermal gradient chromatography is used.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Produced by Bombarding Am243 with Ne22, Synthetically Produced  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1968  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Dubnium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
-  
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
330.00 MPa  
38
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.20  
99+
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
55.00 %  
27
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Db  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
10  
28
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
664.80 kJ/mol  
38
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,546.70 kJ/mol  
39
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,378.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,298.80 kJ/mol  
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
4,305.20 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
12,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,830.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
88,300.00 kJ/mol  
2
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
4,760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
1,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
33,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
33,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
1,129.00 kJ/mol  
19
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
1,094.90 kJ/mol  
18
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
883.00 kJ/mol  
36
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
33
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
528.30 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
3
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
1,094.00 kJ/mol  
5
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
105  
13
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
105  
13
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
93  
38
Number of Electrons
105  
13
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
149.00 pm  
37
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
268.00 amu  
10
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.80 cm3/mol  
17
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rutherfordium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Seaborgium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
-  
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
29.30 g/cm3  
5
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
29.30 g/cm3  
6
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
34.00 GPa  
22
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
39.00 GPa  
39
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
39.00  
3
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
6.80 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
-  
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
29.30 J/mol·K  
11
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
13.20 µm/(m·K)  
37
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.70 kJ/mol  
99+
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K  
34
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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