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Gadolinium vs Rutherfordium

Gadolinium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd  
Rf  
Group Number
0  
18
4  
14
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440542  
33
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1880  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
30
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C  
35
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C  
26
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
-  
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa  
34
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.97  
16
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Gd  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.20  
32
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80  
15
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
64  
99+
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64  
99+
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
93  
38
157  
8
Number of Electrons
64  
99+
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm  
14
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)  
35
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm  
35
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
29
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa  
23
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa  
99+
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa  
38
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
23
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90  
99+
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
4
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K  
38
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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