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Gadolinium vs Rutherfordium

Gadolinium
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Rf   
Group Number
0   
18
4   
14
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
53850365   
13
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1964   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
2,100.00 °C   
11
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
5,500.00 °C   
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Unknown Luster   
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Rf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
579.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,389.40 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,296.40 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
3,077.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
Not Available   
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
104   
14
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
104   
14
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
157   
7
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
104   
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
150.00 pm   
33
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
157.00 pm   
31
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
267.00 amu   
11
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
23.20 g/cm3   
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
Not Available   
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Unknown   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
Not Available   
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