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Rutherfordium vs Gadolinium

Rutherfordium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Gd  
Group Number
4  
14
0  
18
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
93  
38
Number of Electrons
104  
14
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
-  
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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