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Erbium vs Americium

Erbium
Americium
Americium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Am   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440359   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
Sources
Mining   
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1944   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
994.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
2,607.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Am   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
16   
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
578.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,158.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,132.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
3,493.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
3.02 g/amp-hr   
17
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
95   
23
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Rn] 5f7 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
95   
23
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
148   
12
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
95   
23
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
173.00 pm   
21
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
180.00 pm   
21
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
244.00 pm   
10
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
243.00 amu   
20
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
17.86 cm3/mol   
29
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Plutonium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Curium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
44.00 (-eV)   
40
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
346.81 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
12.00 g/cm3   
30
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
0.00 (Pa)   
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
13.67   
15
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
0.69 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.11 J/(kg K)   
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
62.70 J/mol·K   
1
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
14.39 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
268.00 kJ/mol   
40
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
Not Available   
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