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Erbium vs Cadmium

Erbium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Cd  
Group Number
3  
15
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
12
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
30
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.76  
24
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Er  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
37
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.24  
29
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.24  
36
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.24  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV  
2
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
68  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
99  
34
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
30
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
31
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
31
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
31
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K  
30
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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