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Erbium vs Hafnium

Erbium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Mining   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
106   
29
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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