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Erbium vs Lawrencium

Erbium
Lawrencium
Lawrencium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Lr  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
22537195  
15
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
Sources
Mining  
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1961–1971  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
1,627.00 °C  
20
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
-  
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
12
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
30
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.76  
24
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Er  
Lr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
10  
28
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
37
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.24  
29
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.24  
36
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.24  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,428.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,228.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,910.00 kJ/mol  
31
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
15
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
12
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
860.00 kJ/mol  
17
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
27
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
388.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
32
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
546.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
594.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
478.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
3.23 g/amp-hr  
12
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV  
2
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
68  
99+
103  
15
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
103  
15
Number of Neutrons
99  
34
157  
8
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
103  
15
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
162.00 pm  
31
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
246.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
266.00 amu  
12
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
35.10 cm3/mol  
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Nobelium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Rutherfordium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
30
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
99+
530.00 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
15.00 g/cm3  
22
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
15.60 g/cm3  
20
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
31
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
31
15.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
31
210.00 GPa  
10
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
99+
15.60  
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
23
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
8.37 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
0.22 J/(kg K)  
29
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K  
30
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
341.90 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
54.80 J/mol.K  
35
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