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Erbium vs Nickel

Erbium
Nickel
Nickel vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Ni  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
12
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
30
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.76  
24
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Er  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
37
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.24  
29
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.24  
36
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.24  
99+
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV  
2
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
68  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
99  
34
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
30
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
99+
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
31
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
31
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
31
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K  
30
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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