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Erbium vs Tungsten

Erbium
Tungsten
Tungsten vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
W  
Group Number
3  
15
6  
12
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440337  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Tungsten element has the second highest melting point.
  • Pure tungsten can easily cut down with the help of hacksaw.
  
Sources
Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
-  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1781  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Tungsten and its alloys are used in high-temperature applications like welding electrodes, high-temperature furnace, etc.
  • Tungsten carbide is very hard and used in metal working, mining and petroleum industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
40
Physical
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
3,410.00 °C  
1
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
5,660.00 °C  
1
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Grayish White  
Luster
Lustrous  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
7.50  
2
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
12
2,000.00 MPa  
4
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
30
3,430.00 MPa  
3
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
4,620.00 m/s  
20
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.76  
24
2.10  
11
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
62.00 %  
21
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Er  
W  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
37
2.36  
3
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.24  
29
0.98  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.40  
20
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.24  
36
2.36  
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.24  
99+
1.47  
33
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
1.64  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
16
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,700.00 kJ/mol  
30
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,045.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
8
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
17
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
29
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
29
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
25
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
29
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
770.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
77,000.00 kJ/mol  
18
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
77,000.00 kJ/mol  
13
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
34
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,700.00 kJ/mol  
24
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
31
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
25
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
770.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
19
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
15
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
14
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
14
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
13
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
19
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
19
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol  
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
1.14 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV  
2
4.55 eV  
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
68  
99+
74  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
74  
99+
Number of Neutrons
99  
34
110  
28
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
74  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
139.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
162.00 pm  
31
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
183.84 amu  
37
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
9.53 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Tantalum
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Rhenium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
30
140.00 (-eV)  
5
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
99+
316.52 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.29  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
19.25 g/cm3  
16
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
17.60 g/cm3  
15
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa  
12
370.00 MPa  
11
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
1
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
31
161.00 GPa  
5
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
31
310.00 GPa  
4
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
31
411.00 GPa  
4
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
99+
19.22  
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
23
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
52.80 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.19 106/cm Ω  
10
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
78.60 kJ/mol  
15
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
24.27 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
173.00 W/m·K  
7
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K  
30
3,695.00 K  
1
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
799.10 kJ/mol  
1
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
35.23 kJ/mol  
1
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
837.00 kJ/mol  
1
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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