Europium Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Eu
Hf
Group Number
Not Available
4
14
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440531
34
7440586
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
Not Available
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1896
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %
27
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000005 %
27
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
- It is used in low energy light bulbs.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
822.00 °C
99+
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C
99+
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
167.00 MPa
34
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
Not Available
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Eu
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.01
22
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Not Available
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol
99+
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr
33
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.50 eV
99+
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
63
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
63
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
89
38
106
29
Number of Electrons
63
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm
13
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm
18
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
151.96 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol
8
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)
35
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
458.10 pm
17
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)
4
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa
99+
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa
99+
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa
99+
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.15
34
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.24
99+
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m
99+
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K
16
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K
99+
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)
8
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol
99+
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol
37
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol
99+
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K
4
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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