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Europium vs Palladium

Europium
Palladium
Palladium vs Europium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Eu  
Pd  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440531  
34
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
Europium is used in Euro banknotes for security features.  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1896  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
  • It is used in low energy light bulbs.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
822.00 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C  
99+
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
167.00 MPa  
99+
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
167.00 MPa  
99+
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,320.00 m/s  
4
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.83  
19
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Eu  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.01  
99+
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.50  
27
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
580.70 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr  
37
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
2.50 eV  
99+
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
63  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
63  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
89  
39
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
63  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm  
22
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
151.96 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol  
11
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Samarium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Gadolinium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)  
36
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
458.10 pm  
19
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
35
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.15  
35
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.24  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
15
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K  
19
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,099.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)  
8
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K  
4
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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