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Europium vs Polonium

Europium
Polonium
Polonium vs Europium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Eu  
Po  
Group Number
3  
15
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440531  
34
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
Europium is used in Euro banknotes for security features.  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Eugène-Anatole Demarçay  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1896  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Europium metals main uses is in the printing of euro banknotes. These notes glow red under UV light.
  • It is used in low energy light bulbs.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
822.00 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,597.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
167.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
167.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,320.00 m/s  
4
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.83  
19
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Eu  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.01  
99+
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.50  
27
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,404.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
5,471.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
54,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
580.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
547.10 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.89 g/amp-hr  
37
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
2.50 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
63  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
63  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
89  
39
125  
20
Number of Electrons
63  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
233.00 pm  
22
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
151.96 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
28.90 cm3/mol  
11
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Samarium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Gadolinium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.60 (-eV)  
36
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
458.10 pm  
19
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
35
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.26 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.13 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
19.40 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.90 GPa  
99+
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
8.30 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
18.20 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.15  
35
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.24  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
15
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.90 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.66 J/mol·K  
19
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
13.90 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,099.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
35.00 µm/(m·K)  
8
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
143.50 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
9.21 kJ/mol  
99+
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
77.80 J/mol.K  
4
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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