Gadolinium Holmium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd
Ho
Group Number
0
18
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440542
33
7440600
29
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Marc Delafontaine
Discovery
In 1880
In 1878
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
5 * 10-8 %
27
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
30
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
- Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
35
1,461.00 °C
30
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
25
2,600.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
746.00 MPa
13
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa
22
481.00 MPa
23
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
34
2,760.00 m/s
30
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd
Ho
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
1.23
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.10
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80
15
2.77
17
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
581.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,140.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,204.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
4,100.00 kJ/mol
34
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
2.02 g/amp-hr
29
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64
99+
67
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
64
99+
67
99+
Number of Neutrons
93
37
98
34
Number of Electrons
64
99+
67
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm
14
192.00 pm
17
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
216.00 pm
24
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
164.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
18.70 cm3/mol
24
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
34
47.90 (-eV)
31
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm
32
357.73 pm
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
9
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
99+
8.79 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3
31
8.34 g/cm3
26
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
0.00 (Pa)
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)
9
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa
33
26.30 GPa
28
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa
34
40.20 GPa
32
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa
35
64.80 GPa
31
Poisson Ratio
0.26
23
0.23
29
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.90
40
8.80
35
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
814.00 nΩ·m
4
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
2
27.15 J/mol·K
19
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
99+
16.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
11.20 µm/(m·K)
35
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
21
241.00 kJ/mol
38
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
36
11.76 kJ/mol
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
27
301.00 kJ/mol
36
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
16
75.30 J/mol.K
8
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