Gadolinium vs Cerium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd
Ce
Group Number
0
18
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440542
33
7440451
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Discovery
In 1880
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
30
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
30
In Bone
Not Available
2.70 p.p.m.
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
35
795.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
25
3,257.00 °C
23
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
186.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa
22
210.00 MPa
32
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
34
2,100.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd
Ce
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
1.12
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.08
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80
15
2.88
11
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
534.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
3,547.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,325.00 kJ/mol
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available
7,490.00 kJ/mol
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
1.74 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
2.84 eV
39
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64
99+
58
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
64
99+
58
99+
Number of Neutrons
93
37
82
99+
Number of Electrons
64
99+
58
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
181.80 pm
12
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm
14
204.00 pm
8
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
235.00 pm
17
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
140.12 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
20.67 cm3/mol
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
34
41.78 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm
32
362.00 pm
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
9
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
99+
6.77 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3
31
6.55 g/cm3
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
0.00 (Pa)
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)
9
1.04 (Pa)
13
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa
33
13.50 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa
34
21.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa
35
33.60 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26
23
0.24
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.90
40
6.77
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
828.00 nΩ·m
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.19 J/(kg K)
32
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
2
26.94 J/mol·K
23
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
99+
11.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
21
414.00 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
36
5.46 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
27
381.00 kJ/mol
23
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
16
72.00 J/mol.K
12
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