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Gadolinium vs Cerium

Gadolinium
Cerium
Cerium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Ce   
Group Number
0   
18
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440451   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
33
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Moderately Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
In Bone
Not Available   
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
795.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
3,257.00 °C   
23
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
186.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
210.00 MPa   
32
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Ce   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
30   
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
1.12   
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.08   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
2.88   
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
2.84 eV   
39
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
58   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
58   
99+
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
82   
99+
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
58   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
181.80 pm   
12
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
204.00 pm   
8
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
235.00 pm   
17
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
140.12 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
362.00 pm   
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
13.50 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
21.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
33.60 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
0.24   
27
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
6.77   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
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