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Gadolinium vs Magnesium

Gadolinium
Magnesium
Magnesium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd  
Mg  
Group Number
0  
18
2  
16
Period Number
6  
3  
Block
f block  
s block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440542  
33
7439954  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Joseph Black  
Discovery
In 1880  
In 1755  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.06 %  
3
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.07 %  
2
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
34
12.00 %  
2
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
30
2.90 %  
4
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.13 %  
2
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.03 %  
5
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
Physical
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C  
35
650.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C  
26
1,107.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa  
34
260.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.97  
16
1.49  
37
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
74.00 %  
9
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Gd  
Mg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
15  
24
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
1.31  
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.20  
32
1.32  
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.37  
30
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.29  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80  
15
2.69  
23
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
3.66 eV  
40
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
64  
99+
12  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
[Ne] 3s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64  
99+
12  
99+
Number of Neutrons
93  
38
12  
99+
Number of Electrons
64  
99+
12  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
160.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm  
14
141.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
173.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
24.31 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Sodium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Aluminium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)  
35
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm  
35
320.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
29
1.62  
15
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa  
23
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
24
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa  
99+
17.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa  
99+
45.00 GPa  
29
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa  
38
45.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
23
0.29  
15
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90  
99+
1.74  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
4
0.00  
33
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
156.00 W/m·K  
8
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K  
38
923.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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