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Magnesium vs Gadolinium

Magnesium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Magnesium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg  
Gd  
Group Number
2  
16
0  
18
Period Number
3  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7439954  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joseph Black  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1755  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.06 %  
3
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.07 %  
2
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %  
2
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %  
4
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %  
2
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %  
5
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3  
5
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.  
4
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
650.00 °C  
99+
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s  
15
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.49  
37
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
74.00 %  
9
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mg  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
15  
24
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31  
32
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32  
24
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37  
30
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.29  
99+
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69  
23
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
24
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol  
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol  
5
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol  
4
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol  
1
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
73,700.00 kJ/mol  
21
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
73,770.00 kJ/mol  
16
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
37
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,370.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
34
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
28
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
738.00 kJ/mol  
22
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
19
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
25
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
26
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol  
20
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV  
40
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
12  
99+
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
12  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
12  
99+
93  
38
Number of Electrons
12  
99+
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu  
99+
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Sodium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Aluminium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm  
99+
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3  
99+
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3  
99+
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
24
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa  
29
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.29  
15
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.74  
99+
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
33
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω  
7
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)  
4
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K  
99+
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K  
8
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
923.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)  
15
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol  
99+
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol  
99+
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol  
99+
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K  
99+
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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