Symbol
Gd
  
Al
  
Period Number
6
  
3
  
Block
f block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Lanthanide
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Fm_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
- Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
- Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
- It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
  
Hans Christian Oersted
  
Discovery
In 1880
  
In 1825
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
  
25
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
- Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
Not Available
  
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3
  
9
In Bone
Not Available
  
27.00 p.p.m.
  
11
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
  
35
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
  
25
2,467.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
160.00 MPa
  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
  
34
5,000.00 m/s
  
10
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Gd
  
Al
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
577.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,816.70 kJ/mol
  
19
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,744.80 kJ/mol
  
38
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol
  
30
11,577.00 kJ/mol
  
3
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
14,842.00 kJ/mol
  
2
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
18,379.00 kJ/mol
  
2
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
23,326.00 kJ/mol
  
2
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
27,465.00 kJ/mol
  
2
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
31,853.00 kJ/mol
  
2
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
38,473.00 kJ/mol
  
4
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
42,647.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
  
32
0.34 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
  
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
  
20
10.00 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
  
34
80.70 (-eV)
  
17
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
  
99+
2.70 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Permeability
Not Available
  
Susceptibility
Not Available
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
28.20 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.38 106/cm Ω
  
4
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
42.50 kJ/mol
  
26
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
27
0.90 J/(kg K)
  
5
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
  
2
24.20 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
  
99+
237.00 W/m·K
  
4
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
23.10 µm/(m·K)
  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
  
21
293.70 kJ/mol
  
31
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
  
36
10.67 kJ/mol
  
35
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
  
27
322.20 kJ/mol
  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
  
16
28.30 J/mol.K
  
99+