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Magnesium Gadolinium Comparison

Magnesium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium Magnesium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mg   
Gd   
Group Number
2   
16
0   
18
Period Number
3   
6   
Block
s block   
f block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7439954   
99+
7440542   
33
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
  • Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joseph Black   
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Discovery
In 1755   
In 1880   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-2 %   
2
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.07 %   
2
~0.0000002 %   
25
Abundance In Meteorites
12.00 %   
2
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.90 %   
4
0.00 %   
30
Abundance In Oceans
0.13 %   
2
0.00 %   
38
Abundance In Humans
0.03 %   
4
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
  • It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3   
5
Not Available   
In Bone
1,800.00 p.p.m.   
4
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
650.00 °C   
99+
1,311.00 °C   
35
Boiling Point
1,107.00 °C   
99+
3,233.00 °C   
25
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa   
36
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
510.00 MPa   
22
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s   
11
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
74.00 %   
7
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mg   
Gd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
15   
24
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.31   
31
1.20   
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.32   
18
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.37   
16
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.29   
35
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.69   
23
2.80   
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.70 kJ/mol   
24
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.70 kJ/mol   
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
7,732.70 kJ/mol   
5
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
10,542.50 kJ/mol   
4
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
5th Energy Level
13,630.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
18,020.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
7th Energy level
21,711.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
25,661.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
31,653.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
35,458.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
169,988.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
189,368.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
Electron Work Function
3.66 eV   
29
3.10 eV   
35
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
12   
99+
64   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2   
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
12   
99+
64   
99+
Number of Neutrons
12   
99+
93   
37
Number of Electrons
12   
99+
64   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
180.00 pm   
14
Covalent Radius
141.00 pm   
99+
196.00 pm   
14
Van der Waals Radius
173.00 pm   
37
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
24.31 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.97 cm3/mol   
37
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Sodium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Aluminium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
40.00 (-eV)   
99+
46.10 (-eV)   
34
Lattice Constant
320.94 pm   
99+
363.60 pm   
32
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
9
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.74 g/cm3   
99+
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.58 g/cm3   
99+
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
17.00 GPa   
37
21.80 GPa   
33
Bulk Modulus
45.00 GPa   
25
37.90 GPa   
34
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa   
39
54.80 GPa   
35
Poisson Ratio
0.29   
15
0.26   
23
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.74   
99+
7.90   
40
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
43.90 nΩ·m   
99+
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.23 106/cm Ω   
7
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.02 J/(kg K)   
4
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.87 J/mol·K   
99+
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
Thermal Conductivity
156.00 W/m·K   
8
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
24.80 µm/(m·K)   
15
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.70 kJ/mol   
99+
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.95 kJ/mol   
39
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
148.50 kJ/mol   
99+
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
Standard Molar Entropy
32.70 J/mol.K   
99+
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
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