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Gadolinium vs Calcium

Gadolinium
Calcium
Calcium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd  
Ca  
Group Number
0  
18
2  
16
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
f block  
s block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440542  
33
7440702  
21
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Humphry Davy  
Discovery
In 1880  
In 1808  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.01 %  
4
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.01 %  
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
34
1.10 %  
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
30
5.00 %  
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
5
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
1.40 %  
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
Physical
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C  
35
839.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C  
26
1,484.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.50  
10
1.75  
18
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa  
34
170.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.97  
16
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Gd  
Ca  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20  
40
1.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.20  
32
0.95  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.04  
35
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.20  
39
1.08  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.20  
99+
1.03  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80  
15
3.00  
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
5th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
6th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
7th Energy level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
8th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
9th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
10th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
11th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
12th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
13th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
14th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
15th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
16th Energy Level
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
17th Energy Level
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
18th Energy Level
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
19th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
2.87 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
64  
99+
20  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
[Ar] 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64  
99+
20  
99+
Number of Neutrons
93  
38
20  
99+
Number of Electrons
64  
99+
20  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
197.00 pm  
8
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm  
14
176.00 pm  
24
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
231.00 pm  
23
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
40.08 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)  
35
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm  
35
558.84 pm  
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
29
1.55  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
158.00 MPa  
23
20.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
6
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
25.50 (Pa)  
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa  
99+
7.40 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa  
99+
17.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa  
38
20.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
23
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90  
99+
4.58  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
4
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
201.00 W/m·K  
5
Critical Temperature
1,585.00 K  
38
1,115.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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